12/27/2023 0 Comments Domestic dog simulator bundle![]() This, we will summarize and organize in a descriptive and functional framework. In this paper, we provide a selective review of imitation in non-human animal species, which demonstrates that imitative performance can appear at qualitatively different levels of specificity. using the same body part) as well as copying the action very precisely, matching the movement trajectory (process-oriented copying see also Tennie et al. Animals have been found to either reproduce the result or effect of a demonstration by applying an action other than that used by the model (product-oriented copying) or by copying the demonstrated actions roughly (e.g. Imitative performance can vary greatly according to the copying fidelity-the degree of matching between the topographies of the demonstrated action and the observer's copy. When comparing species, we must not forget that deciding which animals possess a specific ability depends on how precisely we define that ability. Byrne 2002), does not take into account the fact that the study of imitation is still lacking samples from a broad range of animal species. For instance, the frequently repeated claim that only humans, and to some lesser extent great apes, are able to imitate (e.g. Recent conceptual development in imitation research is characterized by a widening of scope, by focusing on questions about the underlying mechanism, action understanding, intentionality, theory of mind, and possible consequences for language and culture.Ä«etween these extremes of theory, further study of the evolution of imitation requires both a systematic overview of the existing bundle of data, but also the addition of new data where the existing knowledge is insufficient. Related processes include social mirroring, facilitation of responses and learning about movements of an object that are caused by the actor's movements (Whiten et al. For others it is one of the most advanced cognitive faculties: the observer acquires information about new techniques while at the same time drawing inferences about the efficiency of the observed methods, the constraints of the situation, and the intentions and goals of the model. ![]() For some it is a cheap trick by which an observer saves time and energy in solving a problem by stealing the solution from a master. Imitation is a relatively ambiguous phenomenon. The discussion of these findings addresses the question of the neuronal mechanisms underlying imitation and whether a single mechanism is sufficient to explain the different levels of copying fidelity. Transitive actions were more easily replicated than intransitive ones, and familiarity of actions had a major influence. In a Do-as-I-do study, a dog attempted to reproduce the results of demonstrated object manipulations at the expense of movement details. ![]() While the monkey studies have provided evidence of very precise copying of movements and, to a lesser degree, of behaviours, the dog studies have provided evidence of action copying and the reproduction of results. As a theoretical framework, we suggest a classification in terms of movement, action and result, which shows a positive relationship between the organizational level of imitation and matching degree. Here, the important issue is not the learning of a complex skill, but determining the copying fidelity of animals at different levels of behavioural organization. We focus on the question of how it is possible to transform visual information into matching motor acts. In this paper, we review reports and present new empirical data from studies with marmosets and dogs that address the correspondence problem of imitation research.
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